Opioids, though, also release high levels of dopamine, leading to the intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure caused by other drugs. This drug is most commonly sourced from the coffee bean but can also be found naturally occurring in certain types of tea and cacao beans, and it is also an additive to soda and energy drinks. Dependence can be psychological, in which the drug is desired and has become part of the everyday life of the user, but no serious physical effects result if the drug is not obtained; or physical, in which serious physical and mental effects appear when the drug is withdrawn. Collect input from the environment or the body (sensory information). Based on what you have learned in this section, why do you think that they are used, and do you think that their side effects are harmful? For one, even drugs that we do not generally think of as being addictive, such as caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol, can be very difficult to quit using, at least for some people. Eighty percent of the adolescents indicated that they had never tried even a puff of a cigarette, and 20% indicated that they had had at least one puff of a cigarette. Nicotine is also found in smokeless (chewing) tobacco. This can lead to coma, permanent brain damage, or death. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000951.htm, National Institute on Drug Abuse. However, it can also reduce a persons ability to think rationally and lead to impaired judgment. The use of psychoactive drugs, and especially those that are used illegally, has the potential to create very negative side effects (Table 5.1 Psychoactive Drugs by Class). On the other hand, marijuana has a safety ratio of 1,000. Ayahuasca) and dissociative drugs (PCP, salvia, DXM, ketamine), per NIDA. These substances can affect awareness, thoughts, mood, and behavior. Participants in the research were 125 5th- through 12th-graders attending after-school programs throughout inner-city neighborhoods in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 32(2), 275285. Caffeine acts as a mood enhancer and provides energy. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Are you covered for addiction treatment? These drugs are commonly found in everyday foods and beverages, including chocolate, coffee, and soft drinks, as well as in alcohol and in over-the-counter drugs, such as aspirin, Tylenol, and cold and cough medication. In low doses, they produce mild sedation and relieve anxiety; in high doses, they induce sleep. Examples of psychoactive drugs and substances include alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana, and certain pain medicines. Users may wish to stop using the drug, but when they reduce their dosage they experience withdrawalnegative experiences that accompany reducing or stopping drug use, including physical pain and other symptoms. Psychoactive drugs are usually broken down into four categories: depressants, stimulants, opioids, and hallucinogens. Their chemical makeup is similar to the endorphins, the neurotransmitters that serve as the bodys natural pain reducers. Natural opioids are derived from the opium poppy, which is widespread in Eurasia, but they can also be created synthetically. Calming effects, sleep, pain relief, slowed heart rate and respiration, Impaired judgment, loss of coordination, dizziness, nausea, and eventually a loss of consciousness, Sluggishness, slowed speech, drowsiness, in severe cases, coma or death, The chemical makeup of opioids is similar to the endorphins, the neurotransmitters that serve as the bodys natural pain reducers., Slowing of many body functions, constipation, respiratory and cardiac depression, and the rapid development of tolerance. However, when there is a dopamine surge, people may become nervous, irritable, aggressive, or paranoid. How does the brain react to drugs? Truths and Myths, Marijuana Addiction Treatment in San Diego, Where Do I Find the Best AA and NA Near Me. Drug cravings, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms, coupled with a loss of control over use, are signs of addiction. Barbiturates are depressants that are commonly prescribed as sleeping pills and painkillers. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? They range from heroin to caffeine. Psychoactive drugs may be abused and lead to drug addiction. Over time this can lead to brain damage. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. The brain will then stop functioning as it did before introduction of the opioid, causing levels of dopamine to drop when the drug wears off. Opioid drugs also disrupt the natural production of norepinephrine and act as central nervous system depressants. The intensity and duration of cocaines effects, which include increased energy and reduced fatigue, depend on how the drug is taken. However, these drugs form part of a larger category of psychoactive substances, several of which are legal. 1. Meth also significantly damages the dopamine system in the brain, which can cause problems with memory and learning, movement, and emotional regulation issues. They cause changes in a person's mood, behavior, and awareness (like time and space). Within about an hour after ecstasy enters the bloodstream, it stimulates the activity of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, NIDA explains. Supporting the hypothesis that risk tolerance is related to smoking, Lejuez et al. Opioids are highly addictive, whether they are illicit drugs (like heroin) or prescription pain killers. Heroin is an illegal drug that binds to opioid receptors in the brain, causing a rush of pleasurable sensations. At high blood levels, further CNS depression leads to dizziness, nausea, and eventually a loss of consciousness. Comparison of acute lethal toxicity of commonly abused psychoactive substances. In large part, the user tends to get out of the experience what he or she brings to it.The hallucinations that may be experienced when taking these drugs are strikingly different from everyday experience and frequently are more similar to dreams than to everyday consciousness. (2020). When we are sober, we realize that being aggressive may produce retaliation, as well as cause a host of other problems, but we are less likely to realize these potential consequences when we have been drinking (Bushman & Cooper, 1990). Cocaine abuse and addiction. Inability to sleep. To what extent is intoxication associated with aggression in bars? Can poor sleep impact your weight loss goals? The outcome of depressant use (similar to the effects of sleep) is a reduction in the transmission of impulses from the lower brain to the cortex (Csaky & Barnes, 1984). . In 2014, nearly 22 million Americans battled addiction, NSDUH reports. Consider the research reported in the research focus on risk and cigarette smoking. perception, consciousness, cognition or mood and emotions. They cause changes in a person's mood, behavior, and awareness (like time and space). And students binge drink in part when they see that many other people around them are also binging (Clapp, Reed, Holmes, Lange, & Voas, 2006). At any point during each balloon trial, the participant can stop pumping up the balloon, click on a button, transfer all money from the temporary bank to the permanent bank, and begin with a new balloon. Cocaine is a stimulant that is illegal in many countries. Psychoactive drugs are drugs that affect the Central Nervous System, altering its regular activity. Injecting drugs intravenously carries with it the risk of contracting infections such as hepatitis and HIV. First of all, cocaine stimulates the release of dopamine into the empty spaces between neurons, essentially flooding the brain with this neurotransmitter. Because more of these neurotransmitters remain active in the brain, the result is an increase in the activity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). They also suppress appetite. A psychoactive drug is a chemical substance which, when consumed, can affect the brain and nervous system, resulting in an altered mental state. Effects of alcohol on human aggression: An integrative research review. What is the Common Comorbidity in Substance Abuse? Nicotine, which people can find in smoked and chewed tobacco products, is a stimulant and depressant. Title: Psychopharmacology Of Widely Available Psychoactive Natural Products (R03) Announcement Type This is a reissue of PA-06-323 , which was previously released April 5, 2006. For these reasons, stimulants are frequently used to help people stay awake and to control weight. tolerance Continued use of psychoactive drugs leads to.. tolerance the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect tolerance This drug delivery platform can be used to treat cancers in the brain and other sites of the body, as well as other inflammation-related diseases in the central nervous system and elsewhere. The ECS regulates a variety of cognitive and physiological processes in the body, including: Stress; Pain; Memory; Mood . Opiates can cause euphoria and have a tranquilizing effect. A stimulant is a psychoactive drug that operates by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the synapses of the CNS. taking medication that doctors have prescribed to someone else, taking the medication in amounts or ways other than doctors have prescribed. When people go on a "trip," they are prone to seeing or hearing things that aren't really there. In some cases the effects of psychoactive drugs mimic other naturally occurring states of consciousness. The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) defines addiction as a disease affecting brain chemistry and circuitry, which then leads to compulsive drug-seeking and using behaviors. (2007). These drugs are easily accessible as the vapors of glue, gasoline, propane, hair spray, and spray paint, and are inhaled to create a change in consciousness. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/infofacts/HSYouthTrends.html. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 2553; Steele, C. M., & Southwick, L. (1985). The seven main types are depressants, psychedelics, stimulants, empathogens, opioids, cannabinoids, and dissociatives. The powerful psychological dependence of the opioids and the severe effects of withdrawal make it very difficult for morphine and heroin abusers to quit using. Because drug and alcohol abuse is a behavior that has such important negative consequences for so many people, researchers have tried to understand what leads people to use drugs. Ben Amar, M. (2006). MDMA (ecstasy, molly) drug facts. Some also cause euphoria, increased energy, sleepiness, hallucinations, and more. People have used, and often abused, psychoactive drugs for thousands of years. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? Depressants inhibit the CNS, increasing the activation of the GABA neurotransmitter. Hallucinogens, including cannabis, mescaline, and LSD, create an extreme alteration of consciousness as well as the possibility of hallucinations. Amphetamines are a type of stimulant. Want to create or adapt books like this? They are generally safe when a person takes them as a doctor prescribes and over the short term. However, they can also cause paranoia, anger, and psychosis. Act. Because more of these neurotransmitters remain active in the brain, the result is an increase in the activity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Psychopharmacology: study of the ways drugs affect the nervous system and behavior Psychoactive drug: substance that acts to alter mood, thought, or behavior used to manage neuropsychological illness-To be effective, a psychoactive drug must reach its nervous system target Define catabolized, agonist, antagonist, affinity, efficacy. In the period 1991 to 1997, the percentage of 12th-graders who responded that they perceived great harm in regular marijuana use declined from 79% to 58%, while annual use of marijuana in this group rose from 24% to 39% (Johnston et al., 2004). Stimulants. In general, hallucinogens are not considered to be addictive; however, there may be residual effects of their abuse. Drugs that are classified as CNS depressants include: Alcohol. Because the participants do not have precise information about the probability of each balloon exploding, and because each balloon is programmed to explode after a different number of pumps, the participants have to determine how much to pump up the balloon. Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines are central nervous system depressants that affect GABA neurotransmission. What is the latest research on the form of cancer Jimmy Carter has? Although the level of physical dependency is small, amphetamines may produce very strong psychological dependence, effectively amounting to addiction. At the same time the drugs also influence the parasympathetic division, leading to constipation and other negative side effects. They also include antidepressants, anxiety-relieving medicines, and other psychiatric medications. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. They range from heroin to caffeine. The nervous system has three general functions: Receive input. With each pump the balloon appears bigger on the screen, and more money accumulates in a temporary bank account. However, when a balloon is pumped up too far, the computer generates a popping sound, the balloon disappears from the screen, and all the money in the temporary bank is lost. Continued use of stimulants may result in severe psychological depression. Morphine and heroin are stronger, more addictive drugs derived from opium, while codeine is a weaker analgesic and less addictive member of the opiate family. Some drugs, such as marijuana and heroin, can activate neurons because their chemical structure mimics that of a natural neurotransmitter in the body. Psychotropic drugs are medications that alter mood, perceptions, and behavior. Depressants change consciousness by increasing the production of the neurotransmitter GABA and decreasing the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, usually at the level of the thalamus and the reticular formation. Alcohol and illicit drugs (like cocaine, ecstasy, heroin, prescription pain killers, etc.) Heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure are also elevated by ecstasy use. Where to Find a Dual Diagnosis Treatment Center, 24352 Featherstone Canyon Rd, Lakeside, CA 92040. The opioids activate the sympathetic division of the ANS, causing blood pressure and heart rate to increase, often to dangerous levels that can lead to heart attack or stroke. Using illegal drugs usually poses a higher risk. Opioid overdose is an all too common consequence of opioid abuse, which can often result in severe respiratory depression that can be fatal. It is a common belief that addiction is an overwhelming, irresistibly powerful force, and that withdrawal from drugs is always an unbearably painful experience. Almost 30 million Americans were considered to be current illicit drug users in 2014, meaning that they had abused drugs within the month leading up to that years National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). While CNS depressants all share an ability to reduce activity in the central nervous system . In North America, more than 80% of adults consume caffeine daily (Lovett, 2005). Using psychoactive drugs may create tolerance and, when they are no longer used, withdrawal. These drugs can produce a range of effects, including altered consciousness, hallucinations, and altered states of perception, but they can also have negative consequences, including psychosis, addiction, and long-term cognitive impairment. Some brand names of amphetamines are Adderall, Benzedrine, Dexedrine, and Vyvanse. This article reviews the different types of psychoactive drugs and provides some examples. a. While depressants are the drugs which slow down the nervous system, stimulants are the ones which stimulate the central nervous system and speed up the messaging process. It also is the centre of emotion and cognition. Is exercise more effective than medication for depression and anxiety? Remember that there is no safe level of drug use. In 2018, more than 19 million adults in America had a substance use disorder (SUD). When there are high levels of dopamine, a person will feel their mood enhances (feelings of euphoria) and increased motor activity. Intravenous injection of heroin typically causes a rush within 7 to 8 seconds. Alcohol is the most widely used drug of abuse in the world. Depressants: These drugs slow down activity in . Robins, Davis, and Goodwin (1974) found that the majority of soldiers who had become addicted to morphine while overseas were quickly able to stop using after returning home. However, people can misuse prescription medications by: Prescription opiates can be very harmful if someone takes them differently from how a doctor has prescribed them. In particular, legal and illegal drugs have different levels of potential harm. Understanding Addiction: Research Studies, State-Funded Drug and Alcohol Rehab Centers, the risk is increased 4-7 times when use begins before the age of 18, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties, salvia activates the kappa opioid receptor, Effects of Substance Abuse on Cholesterol, Effects of Drugs & Alcohol on the Nervous System, Chemical Imbalance & Drug Abuse in the Brain: Dopamine, Serotonin & More, The Permanent Effects of Drugs on the Body (Long-Term Impacts), Effects of Drugs & Alcohol on the Circulatory System, Effects of Drug Use & Alcohol On Your Skin, How Drugs & Alcohol Affect the Digestive System. This affects decision-making and judgment. Biological Psychiatry, 44(4), 250259. Chapter 12: Defining Psychological Disorders, Chapter 13: Treating Psychological Disorders, Chapter 14: Psychology in Our Social Lives, Table 5.2 Popular Recreational Drugs and Their Safety Ratios, http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18725181.700, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000951.htm, http://www.nida.nih.gov/researchreports/cocaine/cocaine.html, http://www.drugabuse.gov/infofacts/HSYouthTrends.html, http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/UnderstandingOver-the-CounterMedicines/UCM205286.pdf, Next: 5.3 Altering Consciousness Without Drugs, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Drugs are chemicals that affect the body's structure or function. Can you see any weaknesses in the study caused by the fact that the results are based on correlational analyses. Other common risks of psychoactive substances include: Seeking help for addiction may seem daunting or even scary, but several organizations can provide support. Ecstasy stimulates a sense of emotional closeness and warmth, while enhancing and distorting the senses, heightening energy levels, decreasing anxiety, and increasing feelings of pleasure. MDMA is a very strong stimulant that very successfully prevents the reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Meth has similar effects on the brain and central nervous system, and individuals who abuse it regularly may suffer from hallucinations, anxiety, and confusion as well. The most common depressant is alcohol, but other "downers" include benzodiazepines, sleeping pills, barbiturates, and "antipsychotics". The cerebral cortex is considered the thinking center of the brain, managing problem-solving, planning, and decision-making abilities as well as helping people to process information provided by their senses. Human aggression while under the influence of alcohol and other drugs: An integrative research review. It's interesting to note that psychoactive drugs can be stimulants or depressants. They can cause delays in processing commands to the body. 2. 1 Common brand names of prescription opioids include OxyContin and Percocet. High doses can cause heart failure or seizures. As tolerance increases, so does the risk of drug dependency, addiction, and withdrawal. NIDA InfoFacts: High School and Youth Trends. From first drug use to drug dependence: Developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol. Cocaine and meth, especially, produce an intense high as they rapidly flood the brain with dopamine. Psychoactive drugs fall into different categories, depending on what effects the drug has on a person. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(4), 427433. 12.1 Psychological Disorder: What Makes a Behavior Abnormal? The hallucinogens may produce striking changes in perception through one or more of the senses. Snorting (sniffing) drugs can lead to a loss of the sense of smell, nosebleeds, difficulty in swallowing, hoarseness, and chronic runny nose. Lovett, R. (2005, September 24). Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/UnderstandingOver-the-CounterMedicines/UCM205286.pdf. Particularly when used in combination with psychotherapy, psychotropic drugs can be powerful tools in managing conditions such as borderline personality disorder (BPD), anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia. A psychoactive substance is any substance that interacts with the central nervous system. found that the tendency to take risks was indeed correlated with cigarette use: The participants who indicated that they had puffed on a cigarette had significantly higher risk-taking scores on the BART than did those who had never tried smoking. Long-term effects such as cardiovascular illness, respiratory difficulties, kidney or liver damage. d. They can interfere with basic functions controlled by the amygdala. 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. In addition, many illegal drugs, such as heroin, LSD, cocaine, and meth are also psychoactive substances. b. Drugs interact with the brain and body to alter moods, emotions, and behaviors by changing brain chemistry and a persons perceptions, and by impacting how individuals interact with the world around them. Hyperthermia, high blood pressure, panic attacks, faintness, involuntary teeth clenching, blurred vision, nausea, sweating, chills, arrhythmia, heart failure, kidney failure, dehydration, loss of consciousness, and seizures are possible side effects of ecstasy abuse and/or overdose. If you are concerned about your use of drugs (or someone in your life is using drugs in a way that concerns you), contact the qualified addiction treatment professionals at Genesis Recovery for help. Smoking drugs such as nicotine or cannabis can also cause damage to a persons lungs and increase the risk of several types of cancer. Molly, often heralded as the pure form of ecstasy, may contain any number of adulterants or chemicals that can have toxic effects, NBC News warns. A. Psychoactive drugs belong to a broader category of psychoactive substances that include also alcohol and nicotine. Psychoactive drugs affect the body's central nervous system. Introduction to Psychology by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. However, some may have negative effects after taking the drug, such as feeling panic, fear, and distrust. All rights reserved. (2009). Three main mechanisms of action of caffeine on the central nervous system have been described. As a person ages, neurons in the hippocampus are naturally lost, and marijuana use may speed up this process, leading to memory problems. Psychoactive drugs are chemicals that change our state of consciousness. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(5), 148152; Bushman, B. J. AdCare Hospital Outpatient - Multiple Cities, AdCare Rhode Island Outpatient - Multiple Cities, Resolutions Recovery Residences - Multiple Cities. They are all compounds that affect the functioning of the mind through pharmacological action on the central nervous system. Amphetamines may produce a very high level of tolerance, leading users to increase their intake, often in jolts taken every half hour or so. Opioids are particularly addictive because long-term use changes the way nerve cells work in the brain; even when someone is taking them as prescribed to treat pain. Csaky, T. Z., & Barnes, B. Different drugs have varying risks, but some are common among psychoactive drugs. However, these drugs can still have adverse consequences with excessive or improper use. Higher doses of this drug can cause a person to experience erratic behaviors, including violence, anxiety, panic, and paranoia. For example, all drugs can lead to dependency and addiction. Addiction, 99(6), 686696. This method of drug use provides the highest intensity and quickest onset of the initial rush but is also the most dangerous. 3.3 Based on the different ways in which they affect the brain, psychoactive drugs can be divided into four main groups: depressants (e.g., alcohol and sedatives), stimulants . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(1), 1834. Cocaine is an addictive drug obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. Furthermore, as we will see in the next section, there are many other enjoyable ways to alter consciousness that are safer. Because more of these neurotransmitters remain active in the brain, the result is an increase in the activity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Drunk in public, drunk in private: The relationship between college students, drinking environments and alcohol consumption. A psychoactive drug is a chemical that changes our states of consciousness, and particularly our perceptions and moods. Drugs with lower ratios are more dangerous because the difference between the normal and the lethal dose is small. Over 2.5 million Americans battled opioid addiction in 2015. In the long run, however, the psychological enjoyment of smoking may lead to relapse. Coffee: The demon drink? Opioids block pain sensations, induce drowsiness, reduce body temperature, and slow heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration functions. Research has found three main ways that certain drugs, such as methamphetamine, can cause physiological and biochemical damage to the brain and nervous system. Do people you know use psychoactive drugs? For example, cocaine is a stimulant that supercharges the central nervous system. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. It can make someone feel calm, relaxed, or euphoric. Drug use is in part the result of socialization. Breathing and respiration problems, chronic cough, and bronchitis are additional possible consequences of chronic marijuana smoking. NIDA warns that marijuana use in adolescence, and continued on into adulthood, may result in a loss of IQ points that are not recoverable even with abstinence. The potent effects of psychoactive drugs have led some to be used as prescription medicines, while others have become some of the most widely prohibited illicit substances in the world. Nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine are all types of psychoactive substances that people frequently consume. The withdrawal from stimulants can create profound depression and lead to an intense desire to repeat the high. Despite the fact that young people have experimented with cigarettes, alcohol, and other dangerous drugs for many generations, it would be better if they did not. However, moderate use can cause irritability, depression, sleep problems, and anxiety. How do psychoactive drugs affect the central nervous system? Psychoactive drugs affect consciousness by influencing how neurotransmitters operate at the synapses of the central nervous system (CNS). But the reality is more complicated and in many cases less extreme. In addition, because many users take these drugs intravenously and share contaminated needles, they run a very high risk of being infected with diseases. c. They can increase the speed with which the CNS gives commands to the body. Has major negative health effects if smoked or chewed, Possible dependence, accompanied by severe crash with depression as drug effects wear off, particularly if smoked or injected. Related drugs are the nitrites (amyl and butyl nitrite; poppers, rush, locker room) and anesthetics such as nitrous oxide (laughing gas) and ether. McCance-Katz, E., Kosten, T., & Jatlow, P. (1998). People who are more likely to take risks are also more likely to use drugs. Find your insurance. These receptors belong to a family of proteins known as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Find out more about the health risks of smoking. Amphetamine is used in prescription medications to treat attention deficit disorder (ADD) and narcolepsy, and to control appetite. Regular cocaine abuse can lead to paranoia and negatively impact functions of the central nervous system, causing cardiac arrhythmias, sudden cardiac arrest, ischemic heart conditions, a respiratory syndrome unique to snorting to cocaine, hypertension, convulsions, stroke, and death, the DEA warns. It is found in a wide variety of products, including coffee, tea, soft drinks, candy, and desserts. All recreational drug use is associated with at least some risks, and those who begin using drugs earlier are also more likely to use more dangerous drugs later (Lynskey et al., 2003). Psychoactive drugs create negative effects not so much through their initial use but through the continued use, accompanied by increasing doses, that ultimately may lead to drug abuse. Perhaps this should not be suprising, because many people find using drugs to be fun and enjoyable. While doing so, you'll undergo mood changes. For instance, ingesting alcohol or benzodiazepines along with the usual dose of heroin is a frequent cause of overdose deaths in opiate addicts, and combining alcohol and cocaine can have a dangerous impact on the cardiovascular system (McCance-Katz, Kosten, & Jatlow, 1998).
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